The Development and Challenges of Football Sport in Some Selected Woredas of North Showa Zone
Tewodros Abir,
Alemayehu Ejigu,
Arefayne Mesfin
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
40-44
Received:
6 November 2017
Accepted:
16 November 2017
Published:
12 December 2017
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the development and challenges of football in some selected weredas of North Showa Zone. The subject in this study were 282 players 15 coaches’ 6 wereda sport officers and 4 zone sport officers selected from the total population of 940, 48 and 10 respectively. A descriptive survey study is used. As a methods of data gathering tools; questionnaire, interview, and document analysis were employed. To analyze the collected data, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Results of the study revealed that village is the main sources of youth football players for the woredas, Schools have been the main sources of potential coaches for teams. The major constraints associated with North Showa Zone football sport are found to have very low media coverage, absence of supporters’ association, a few number of spectators, only one club, lack of facilities and equipment, no regular salary for coaches and players, lack or absence of play field in the villages, not following scientific method of training by coaches and very low level of communication among stakeholders. To overcome these, every stakeholder should work hand to hand in order to solve the problems.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the development and challenges of football in some selected weredas of North Showa Zone. The subject in this study were 282 players 15 coaches’ 6 wereda sport officers and 4 zone sport officers selected from the total population of 940, 48 and 10 respectively. A descriptive survey study is used. As a method...
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Adjusting Bookmaker’s Odds to Allow for Overround
Stephen Clarke,
Stephanie Kovalchik,
Martin Ingram
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
45-49
Received:
9 September 2017
Accepted:
12 October 2017
Published:
25 December 2017
Abstract: Several methods have been proposed to adjust bookmakers’ implied probabilities, including an additive model, a normalization model, and an iterative method proposed by Shin. These approaches have one or more defects: the additive model can give negative adjusted probabilities, normalization does not account for favorite long-shot bias, and both the normalization and Shin approaches can produce bookmaker probabilities greater than 1 when applied in reverse. Moreover, it is shown that the Shin and additive methods are equivalent for races with two competitors. Vovk and Zhadanov (2009) and Clarke (2016) suggested a power method, where the implied probabilities are raised to a fixed power, which never produces bookmaker or fair probabilities outside the 0-1 range and allows for the favorite long-shot bias. This paper describes and applies the methods to three large bookmaker datasets, each in a different sport, and shows that the power method universally outperforms the multiplicative method and outperforms or is comparable to the Shin method.
Abstract: Several methods have been proposed to adjust bookmakers’ implied probabilities, including an additive model, a normalization model, and an iterative method proposed by Shin. These approaches have one or more defects: the additive model can give negative adjusted probabilities, normalization does not account for favorite long-shot bias, and both the...
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